Economic Substance in Panama: The Two Tiers Under Executive Decree 32
Executive Decree No. 32 implementing Law 526 does not hold every entity to the same standard. We explain the two tiers of economic substance in Panama — reduced and complete — the 15% penalty for non-qualifying entities, and what to review before fiscal year 2027.
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Law 546: 2% ITBI Exemption for First-Time New Home Purchases in Panama
Law 546 exempts the 2% Real Estate Transfer Tax on first new homes valued up to $120,000, with staggered relief up to $200,000. We explain what the benefit covers, the two-year window from the occupancy permit, and what buyers and developers should review.
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Panama Adds Ecuador to Its Friendly Nations List: What It Means for Ecuadorian Citizens
Through Executive Decree 16 of 2026, Panama added Ecuador to its friendly nations list. We explain what the Friendly Nations Visa is, which economic pathways lead to permanent residency, and what Ecuadorian citizens should review before settling, investing or working in Panama.
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Panama Regulates Law 526: How Companies Must Demonstrate Economic Substance
Executive Decree No. 32 of 2026 regulates Law 526 on economic substance for passive income. We explain the five criteria covering personnel, facilities, decision-making, expenses and documentation that multinational group entities must meet from fiscal year 2027, and the 15% rate applied when they fall short.
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The Family Protocol: What It Must Contain and How It Protects Your Business Across Generations
Most family businesses don’t survive to the third generation. The reason is almost never a lack of talent — it’s the absence of clear rules about who leads, how decisions get made, and what role each family member plays.
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SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENTS IN PANAMA: WHAT IT MUST CONTAIN AND HOW TO FORMALIZE IT
Panama’s sociedad anónima is minimalist by design. The pacto social doesn’t resolve what happens when shareholders disagree — that’s the role of a different document: private, and too often missing.
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The term “ultimate beneficial owner” comes up often, but it is not always clear who must report it, how frequently, or what legal responsibility comes with keeping it current. Understanding these elements precisely is now a basic condition for operating any corporate structure in Panama with confidence.
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Panama’s Law 526: The Three Economic Substance Requirements
The law is clear in its structure. What remains to be defined is its practical interpretation — and that is precisely where companies need to prepare with information, not assumptions.
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Passive foreign-source income under Law 526: which categories apply to your structure?
The law does not apply to all income generated by a Panamanian entity. The second threshold is the type of income — and that analysis must come before the substance analysis.
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Does Law 526 Apply to Your Structure? The Analysis to Complete Before August
Law 526 has a specific applicability threshold. Before analyzing any pillar of economic substance, there is a prior question that determines whether everything else applies.
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